t检验,也叫Student t检验(Student’s t test),用于样本量较小,总体标准差未知的正态分布。t检验使用t分布理论来推论差异发生的概率,比较两个平均数的差异是否显著。它与f检验、卡方检验并列,t检验可分为单样本t检验、独立样本t检验和配对样本t检验。
单样本t检验用于分析定量数据(要求数据呈现正态性分布)是否与某个给定的数值有显著的差异,如检验某个地区居民的身高与基本身高的差异情况。单样本t检验的统计量为:
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独立样本t检验用于检验两组非相关样本被试所获得的数据的差异性,如检验两组学生的考试成绩是否有显著的差异。t检验只能对比两组数据的差异,如果组数超过两组,则应该使用方差分析。独立样本t检验的统计量为:
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配对样本t检验用于检验匹配的两组被试获得的数据或同组被试在不同条件下所获得的数据的差异性,常常应用于实验研究中。如比较在有广告和没有广告的背景下,样本对商品的购买意愿是否有显著的差异。配对样本t检验的统计量为:
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参考文献:
[1]Fisher Box, Joan. Guinness, Gosset, Fisher, and Small Samples. Statistical Science. 1987, 2 (1): 45–52.
[2] Derrick, B; Toher, D; White, P (2017). “How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations: A companion to Derrick, Russ, Toher and White (2017)” ,. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 13 (2): 120–126. doi:10.20982/tqmp.13.2.p120.